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Abstract 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1 (SW1) is both the first-discovered active Centaur and the most outburst-prone comet known. The nature of SW1’s many outbursts, which regularly brighten the comet by 5 mag or more, and what processes power them has been of particular interest since SW1’s discovery in the 1920s. In this paper, we present and model four epochs of low-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy of SW1 taken with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility and Lowell Discovery Telescope between 2017 and 2022. This data set includes one large outburst, two periods of low activity (“quiescence” or “quiescent activity”), and one midsized outburst a few days after one of the quiescent observations. The two quiescent epochs appear similar in both spectral slope and modeled grain size distributions, but the two outbursts are significantly different. We propose that the two can be reconciled if smaller dust grains are accelerated more than larger ones, such that observations closer to the onset of an outburst are more sensitive to the finer-grained dust on the outside of the expanding cloud of material. These outbursts can thus appear very rapid, but there is still a period where the dust and gas are well coupled. We find no strong evidence of water-ice absorption features in any of our spectra, suggesting that the areal abundance of ice-dominated grains is less than 1%. We conclude with a discussion of future modeling and monitoring efforts that might be able to further advance our understanding of this object’s complicated activity patterns. 

Abstract We report initial observations aimed at the characterization of a third interstellar object. This object, 3I/ATLAS or C/2025 N1 (ATLAS), was discovered on 2025 July 1 UT and has an orbital eccentricity ofe ∼ 6.1, perihelion ofq ∼ 1.36 au, inclination of ∼175°, and hyperbolic velocity ofV_∞ ∼ 58 km s⁻¹. We report deep stacked images obtained using the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope and the Very Large Telescope that resolve a compact coma. Using images obtained from several smaller ground-based telescopes, we find minimal light-curve variation for the object over a ∼4 day time span. The visible/near-infrared spectral slope of the object is 17.1% ± 0.2%/100 nm, comparable to other interstellar objects and primitive solar system small bodies (comets and D-type asteroids). Moreover, 3I/ATLAS will be observable through early 2025 September, then unobservable by Earth-based observatories near perihelion due to low solar elongation. It will be observable again from the ground in late 2025 November. Although this limitation unfortunately prohibits detailed Earth-based observations at perihelion when the activity of 3I/ATLAS is likely to peak, spacecraft at Mars could be used to make valuable observations at this time. 

Abstract Asteroid (3200) Phaethon is an active near-Earth asteroid and the parent body of the Geminid Meteor Shower. Because of its small perihelion distance, Phaethon’s surface reaches temperatures sufficient to destabilize hydrated materials. We conducted rotationally resolved spectroscopic observations of this asteroid, mostly covering the northern hemisphere and the equatorial region, beyond 2.5-µm to search for evidence of hydration on its surface. Here we show that the observed part of Phaethon does not exhibit the 3-µm hydrated mineral absorption (within 2σ). These observations suggest that Phaethon’s modern activity is not due to volatile sublimation or devolatilization of phyllosilicates on its surface. It is possible that the observed part of Phaethon was originally hydrated and has since lost volatiles from its surface via dehydration, supporting its connection to the Pallas family, or it was formed from anhydrous material.